{"id":38,"date":"2026-10-01T10:28:39","date_gmt":"2026-10-01T14:28:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hundredsoffootprints.com\/?p=38"},"modified":"2026-10-01T10:34:44","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T14:34:44","slug":"test-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hundredsoffootprints.com\/?p=38","title":{"rendered":"test 4"},"content":{"rendered":"
Cryptography, or cryptology,[1] <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cryptography#cite_note-1<\/a>> is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secure_communication<\/a>> in the presence of adversarial <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adversary_(cryptography)<\/a>> behavior.[2] <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cryptography#cite_note-2<\/a>> More generally, cryptography is about constructing and analyzing protocols <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Communication_protocol<\/a>> that prevent third parties or the public from reading private messages.[3] <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cryptography#cite_note-3<\/a>> Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mathematics<\/a>> , computer science <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer_science<\/a>> , information security <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Information_security<\/a>> , electrical engineering <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electrical_engineering<\/a>> , digital signal processing <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_signal_processing<\/a>> , physics <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Physics<\/a>> , and others.[4] <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cryptography#cite_note-4<\/a>> Core concepts related to information security <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Information_security<\/a>> (data confidentiality <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Confidentiality<\/a>> , data integrity <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_integrity<\/a>> , authentication <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Authentication<\/a>> and non-repudiation <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Non-repudiation<\/a>> ) are also central to cryptography.[5] <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cryptography#cite_note-Menezes-1997-5<\/a>> Practical applications of cryptography include electronic commerce <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_commerce<\/a>> , chip-based payment cards <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smart_card#EMV<\/a>> , digital currencies <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_currencies<\/a>> , computer passwords <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Password<\/a>> and military communications <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Military_communications<\/a>> .
\nCryptography prior to the modern age was effectively synonymous with encryption <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encryption<\/a>> , converting readable information (plaintext <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plaintext<\/a>> ) to unintelligible nonsense <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nonsense<\/a>> text (ciphertext <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ciphertext<\/a>> ), which can only be read by reversing the process (decryption <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decryption<\/a>> ). The sender of an encrypted (coded) message shares the decryption (decoding) technique only with the intended recipients to preclude access from adversaries. The cryptography literature often uses the names <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alice_and_Bob<\/a>> “Alice” (or “A”) for the sender, “Bob” (or “B”) for the intended recipient, and “Eve” (or “E”) for the eavesdropping <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eavesdropping<\/a>> adversary.[6] <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cryptography#cite_note-Biggs-2008-6<\/a>> Since the development of rotor cipher machines <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rotor_machine<\/a>> in World War <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I<\/a>> I and the advent of computers in World War <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II<\/a>> II, cryptography methods have become increasingly complex and their applications more varied.
\nModern cryptography is heavily based on mathematical theory <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mathematical_theory<\/a>> and computer science practice; cryptographic algorithms <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Algorithm<\/a>> are designed around computational hardness assumptions <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computational_hardness_assumption<\/a>> , making such algorithms hard to break in actual practice by any adversary. While it is theoretically possible to break into a well-designed system, it is infeasible in actual practice to do so. Such schemes, if well designed, are therefore termed “computationally secure”. Theoretical advances (e.g., improvements in integer factorization <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Integer_factorization<\/a>> algorithms) and faster computing technology require these designs to be continually reevaluated and, if necessary, adapted. Information-theoretically secure <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Information-theoretic_security<\/a>> schemes that provably cannot be broken even with unlimited computing power, such as the one-time pad <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One-time_pad<\/a>> , are much more difficult to use in practice than the best theoretically breakable but computationally secure schemes.
\nThe growth of cryptographic technology has raised a number of legal issues <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cryptography_law<\/a>> in the Information Age <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Information_Age<\/a>> . Cryptography’s potential for use as a tool for espionage and sedition <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sedition<\/a>> has led many governments to classify it as a weapon and to limit or even prohibit its use and export.[7] <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cryptography#cite_note-Crypto_Law_Survey-2013<\/a> -7> In some jurisdictions where the use of cryptography is legal, laws permit investigators to compel the disclosure <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Key_disclosure_law<\/a>> of encryption keys <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Key_(cryptography)<\/a>> for documents relevant to an investigation.[8] <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cryptography#cite_note-PC_World-2007-8<\/a>> [9] <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cryptography#cite_note-Ranger-2015-9<\/a>> Cryptography also plays a major role in digital rights management <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_rights_management<\/a>> and copyright infringement <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copyright_infringement<\/a>> disputes with regard to digital media <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_media<\/a>> .[10] <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cryptography#cite_note-Doctorow-2007-10<\/a>><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cryptography, or cryptology,[1] <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cryptography#cite_note-1> is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secure_communication> in the presence of adversarial <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adversary_(cryptography)> behavior.[2] <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cryptography#cite_note-2> More generally, cryptography is about constructing and analyzing protocols <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Communication_protocol> that prevent third parties or the public from reading private messages.[3] <en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cryptography#cite_note-3> Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-38","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog_posts"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hundredsoffootprints.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hundredsoffootprints.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hundredsoffootprints.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hundredsoffootprints.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hundredsoffootprints.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=38"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hundredsoffootprints.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hundredsoffootprints.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=38"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hundredsoffootprints.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=38"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hundredsoffootprints.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=38"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}